1 00:01:06,300 --> 00:01:08,800 Is it a good thing or a bad thing 2 00:01:08,800 --> 00:01:11,300 that it's becoming harder maybe 3 00:01:11,300 --> 00:01:13,300 impossible to encapsulate 4 00:01:13,300 --> 00:01:16,300 information in discrete units and sell them? 5 00:01:16,300 --> 00:01:19,240 The simplistic answer, the answer that you get from Hollywood 6 00:01:19,240 --> 00:01:22,600 and the recording industry is - it's a disaster. 7 00:01:22,700 --> 00:01:24,750 This is not a film about piracy. 8 00:01:24,750 --> 00:01:26,750 The recording industry's been freaked out. 9 00:01:26,750 --> 00:01:28,950 The movie industry's been freaked out. 10 00:01:28,950 --> 00:01:31,450 The suits don't know how to think about this. 11 00:01:31,450 --> 00:01:33,700 This is not a film about sharing files. 12 00:01:33,700 --> 00:01:35,700 They put a lot of money into 13 00:01:35,700 --> 00:01:37,900 making those movies making that music. 14 00:01:37,900 --> 00:01:40,000 So they want to get something back. 15 00:01:40,000 --> 00:01:43,100 but the way they're trying to stop the copying now 16 00:01:43,100 --> 00:01:45,200 it's definitely not working. 17 00:01:45,200 --> 00:01:48,600 It's a film that explores massive changes in the way we produce 18 00:01:48,600 --> 00:01:50,500 distribute and consume media. 19 00:01:50,600 --> 00:01:54,500 Ever since Napster, the music industry has been trying to kill file sharing 20 00:01:54,500 --> 00:01:59,400 Napster was this huge global party of everybody suddenly had access 21 00:01:59,400 --> 00:02:02,200 to the largest music library in the world. And what'd they do? 22 00:02:02,200 --> 00:02:04,200 Well, they went after Napster and they shut it down. 23 00:02:04,300 --> 00:02:07,300 Napster, Aimster, Audiogalaxy. 24 00:02:07,300 --> 00:02:10,700 Grokster. IMash - Kazaa 25 00:02:10,700 --> 00:02:12,900 All of these companies were sued. 26 00:02:12,900 --> 00:02:16,700 And in the end - essentially - the entertainment industry succeeded 27 00:02:16,700 --> 00:02:21,000 in driving that technology out of the mainstream commercial field. 28 00:02:21,200 --> 00:02:25,100 The industry's turned to suing individuals, hundreds of individuals 29 00:02:25,200 --> 00:02:29,100 ultimately thousands, now tens of thousands of individuals 30 00:02:29,100 --> 00:02:30,950 for downloading music without permission. 31 00:02:31,000 --> 00:02:34,000 Existing players are trying to 32 00:02:34,000 --> 00:02:36,200 make certain things happen that 33 00:02:36,200 --> 00:02:39,700 in retrospect will seem kind of barbaric. 34 00:02:39,900 --> 00:02:42,200 If you're talking about the distribution 35 00:02:42,200 --> 00:02:44,600 of cultural material, of music 36 00:02:44,600 --> 00:02:48,600 and cinema, well there is a long history 37 00:02:48,600 --> 00:02:51,200 of whatever the incumbent industry 38 00:02:51,200 --> 00:02:57,000 happens to be, resisting whatever new technology provides. 39 00:02:57,100 --> 00:02:59,300 Cable television in the 70's was 40 00:02:59,300 --> 00:03:01,400 viewed really as a pirate medium. 41 00:03:01,400 --> 00:03:04,600 All the television networks felt that taking their content 42 00:03:04,600 --> 00:03:07,400 and putting it on cables that ran to peoples houses 43 00:03:07,400 --> 00:03:09,100 was piracy pure and simple. 44 00:03:09,200 --> 00:03:12,600 The video recorder was 45 00:03:12,600 --> 00:03:15,700 very strongly resisted by Hollywood. 46 00:03:15,700 --> 00:03:19,000 There were lawsuits immediately brought by the movie studios who felt 47 00:03:19,000 --> 00:03:22,900 in fact, who said publicly that the VCR was to the American 48 00:03:22,600 --> 00:03:26,400 movie industry what the "Boston Strangler" was to a woman alone. 49 00:03:26,450 --> 00:03:29,900 New information technologies provide Hollywood and the recording industries 50 00:03:29,900 --> 00:03:33,100 with fresh channels on which to sell products, but they can also 51 00:03:33,100 --> 00:03:36,100 open unplanned possibilities for their consumers. 52 00:03:36,200 --> 00:03:40,500 The sheet music people resisted the recordings. 53 00:03:40,800 --> 00:03:45,400 The first mp-3 player by Diamond-Rio sort of the initial company 54 00:03:45,400 --> 00:03:48,650 long before the iPod, they were met with a lawsuit. 55 00:03:48,750 --> 00:03:51,650 The possibilities suggested by Peer-to-Peer technologies 56 00:03:51,650 --> 00:03:53,650 have prompted the entertainment industries 57 00:03:53,650 --> 00:03:55,450 to react in an unprecedented way. 58 00:03:56,000 --> 00:03:58,500 Traditionally, copyright infringement has just been a civil matter. 59 00:03:58,500 --> 00:04:01,200 If a copyright owner catches you doing something wrong, 60 00:04:01,200 --> 00:04:03,550 they can sue you and force you to pay them money. 61 00:04:03,600 --> 00:04:07,500 Criminal infringement liability, the ability to prosecute you and 62 00:04:07,500 --> 00:04:11,600 throw you in jail, has been reserved for circumstances of commercial 63 00:04:11,600 --> 00:04:16,350 piracy, circumstances where someone has made 500 copies, 64 00:04:16,350 --> 00:04:19,900 is selling them on the street as competition for the real thing. 65 00:04:20,900 --> 00:04:24,900 Well, in recent years, copyright owners have not been satisfied with that. 66 00:04:30,600 --> 00:04:34,900 They've wanted to reach out and have criminal recourse 67 00:04:34,900 --> 00:04:38,100 against people who are engaged in non-commercial activities. 68 00:04:49,100 --> 00:04:53,100 We recognize and we know that we will never stop piracy. 69 00:04:53,100 --> 00:04:56,300 Never. We just have to try to make it 70 00:04:56,300 --> 00:05:00,600 as difficult and as tedious as possible. 71 00:05:00,600 --> 00:05:02,700 And we have to let people know there are consequences. 72 00:05:02,700 --> 00:05:04,000 If they're caught. 73 00:05:04,100 --> 00:05:07,500 What they've sought to do, is sue a few people. 74 00:05:07,500 --> 00:05:10,700 Punish them severely enough that they can essentially 75 00:05:10,700 --> 00:05:13,700 intimidate a large number of other people. 76 00:05:13,700 --> 00:05:17,300 It's really as though they decided to intimidate the village they would 77 00:05:17,300 --> 00:05:21,100 just chop of the heads of a few villagers, mount those heads on pikes 78 00:05:21,100 --> 00:05:22,700 as a warning to everyone else. 79 00:05:22,800 --> 00:05:25,900 The fact that the DVD writer is the 80 00:05:25,900 --> 00:05:28,200 new weapon of mass destruction in the world 81 00:05:28,200 --> 00:05:33,400 is primarily for the fact that a 50 billion dollar film can be reproduced 82 00:05:33,400 --> 00:05:37,400 at the cost of literally 10 or 15 cents. 83 00:05:37,500 --> 00:05:39,500 There is a fantastic quote by Mark Ghetty, 84 00:05:39,500 --> 00:05:41,900 who is the owner of Ghetty Images, 85 00:05:41,900 --> 00:05:45,900 which is a huge corporate image database, and he's one of the largest 86 00:05:45,900 --> 00:05:48,400 intellectual proprietors in the world. 87 00:05:48,700 --> 00:05:53,400 He once said intellectual property is the oil of the 21st century. 88 00:05:54,000 --> 00:05:58,000 It'a a fantastic quote, you could condense it to one word 89 00:05:58,000 --> 00:05:59,500 that is, war. 90 00:05:59,600 --> 00:06:04,500 He declared war with that saying we will fight for this stuff 91 00:06:04,500 --> 00:06:07,500 these completely hallucinatory rights to 92 00:06:07,500 --> 00:06:12,000 images, ideas, texts thoughts, inventions 93 00:06:12,000 --> 00:06:17,000 Just as we're fighting now for access to natural resources. 94 00:06:17,000 --> 00:06:20,000 He declared war. 95 00:06:20,000 --> 00:06:24,000 Strange kind of war. I would take it serious. 96 00:06:24,000 --> 00:06:26,400 But it's ridiculous and serious at the same time. 97 00:06:30,700 --> 00:06:32,400 This is not the first war 98 00:06:32,400 --> 00:06:35,400 that has been fought over the production, reproduction 99 00:06:35,400 --> 00:06:37,800 and distribution of information. 100 00:06:40,700 --> 00:06:42,700 People like to see the contemporary 101 00:06:42,700 --> 00:06:46,300 and the digital era as some kind of a unique 102 00:06:46,500 --> 00:06:49,900 break. And I think the important point to make here is 103 00:06:49,900 --> 00:06:53,300 not to see it as a unique break, but really to see it as a moment 104 00:06:53,300 --> 00:06:56,700 which accelerates things that have already happened in the past. 105 00:06:58,700 --> 00:07:02,300 Before the arrival of the printing press in Europe in the 1500's, 106 00:07:02,500 --> 00:07:06,300 information was highly scarce and relatively easy to control. 107 00:07:06,500 --> 00:07:11,900 For thousands of years, the scribal culture really hand-picked the people 108 00:07:11,900 --> 00:07:17,950 who were given this code to transmit knowledge across time and space. 109 00:07:18,000 --> 00:07:20,600 It's an economy of scarcity 110 00:07:20,600 --> 00:07:22,100 that you're dealing with 111 00:07:22,100 --> 00:07:25,000 People are starved in a sense for more books 112 00:07:25,200 --> 00:07:27,700 There are images from the 16th century 113 00:07:27,700 --> 00:07:30,800 of books that were chained, and had 114 00:07:30,800 --> 00:07:33,100 to be guarded by armed guards 115 00:07:33,100 --> 00:07:35,400 outside a heavy, heavy door 116 00:07:35,500 --> 00:07:39,500 because it was very, very dangerous for people to have access to that. 117 00:07:40,000 --> 00:07:42,700 Print brought with it a new abundance of information 118 00:07:42,900 --> 00:07:46,900 threatening the control over ideas that had come with scarcity. 119 00:07:46,900 --> 00:07:51,600 Daniel Defoe tells of Gutenberg's partner Johann Fust, arriving in 120 00:07:51,600 --> 00:07:55,600 15th century Paris with a wagon load of printed bibles. 121 00:07:55,700 --> 00:07:59,800 When the bibles were examined, and the exact similarity of each book 122 00:07:59,800 --> 00:08:02,900 was discovered, the Parisians set upon Fust 123 00:08:02,900 --> 00:08:04,900 accusing him of black magic. 124 00:08:05,300 --> 00:08:08,700 About to change everything, this new communications technology 125 00:08:08,700 --> 00:08:11,700 was seen as the unholy work of the Devil. 126 00:08:51,500 --> 00:08:53,500 All of the emerging nation-states of 127 00:08:53,500 --> 00:08:55,900 Europe made it very clear that 128 00:08:55,900 --> 00:08:58,800 they would control information flows to the best of their ability. 129 00:08:58,900 --> 00:09:01,000 The printers were the ones who were 130 00:09:01,000 --> 00:09:03,800 hunted down if they printed 131 00:09:03,800 --> 00:09:06,300 the forbidden text. 132 00:09:06,600 --> 00:09:10,700 So, more than we think of persecuting 133 00:09:10,700 --> 00:09:14,800 the authors but it was really the printers who suffered most. 134 00:09:14,900 --> 00:09:17,800 As print technology developed in Europe and America 135 00:09:17,800 --> 00:09:20,200 its pivotal social role became clear. 136 00:09:20,200 --> 00:09:21,500 Printing becomes 137 00:09:21,600 --> 00:09:27,800 associated with rebellion and emancipation. 138 00:09:28,000 --> 00:09:31,700 There's the governor of Virginia, Governor Berkeley 139 00:09:31,700 --> 00:09:36,100 who wrote to his overseers in England in the 17th century 140 00:09:36,100 --> 00:09:38,700 saying, "Thank God we have no printing in Virginia," 141 00:09:38,700 --> 00:09:41,400 "and we shall never have it as long as I'm governor." 142 00:09:41,400 --> 00:09:46,400 This was a reaction to the English civil war and the pamphlet wars and 143 00:09:46,400 --> 00:09:49,200 they were called paper bullets in that period. 144 00:09:49,300 --> 00:09:51,300 The basic idea of censorship in 145 00:09:51,300 --> 00:09:53,400 18th century France is a concept 146 00:09:53,400 --> 00:09:55,400 of privilege, or private law. 147 00:09:55,400 --> 00:09:59,800 A publisher gets the right to publish a particular text, that is 148 00:09:59,800 --> 00:10:02,500 deny it to others, so he has that privilege. 149 00:10:02,700 --> 00:10:05,000 What you have is a centralized 150 00:10:05,000 --> 00:10:06,800 administration for controlling 151 00:10:06,800 --> 00:10:08,800 the book trade, using censorship 152 00:10:08,800 --> 00:10:13,600 and also using the monopoly of the established publishers. 153 00:10:13,700 --> 00:10:15,500 They made sure that the books that 154 00:10:15,500 --> 00:10:17,700 flowed throughout a society were 155 00:10:17,700 --> 00:10:22,400 authorized - were the authorized editions - but also were within the 156 00:10:22,400 --> 00:10:25,450 control of the state within the control of the king or the prince. 157 00:10:25,500 --> 00:10:29,500 You had a very elaborate system of censorship 158 00:10:29,500 --> 00:10:32,900 but in addition to that you had a monopoly 159 00:10:32,900 --> 00:10:36,000 of production in the booksellers' guild in Paris. 160 00:10:36,000 --> 00:10:38,900 It had police powers. And then the police itself 161 00:10:38,900 --> 00:10:42,000 had specialized inspectors of the book trade. 162 00:10:42,000 --> 00:10:46,300 So you put all of that together and the state was very powerful 163 00:10:46,300 --> 00:10:48,400 in its attempt to control the printed word. 164 00:10:48,500 --> 00:10:51,700 Bot not only was this apparatus incapable of preventing 165 00:10:51,700 --> 00:10:55,900 the spread of revolutionary thought, it's very existence inspired 166 00:10:55,900 --> 00:11:00,400 the creation of new, parallel pirate systems of distribution. 167 00:11:00,400 --> 00:11:04,500 What is clear is that during the 18th century 168 00:11:04,500 --> 00:11:09,100 the printed word as a force is just expanding everywhere 169 00:11:09,300 --> 00:11:12,000 You've got publishing houses printing presses 170 00:11:12,000 --> 00:11:15,500 that surround France in what I call a "fertile crescent" 171 00:11:15,800 --> 00:11:19,100 dozens and dozens of them producing books which are 172 00:11:19,100 --> 00:11:21,100 smuggled across the French borders 173 00:11:21,100 --> 00:11:24,700 distributed everywhere in the kingdom by an underground system. 174 00:11:24,900 --> 00:11:30,400 I have a case of one Dutch printer who looked at the index of prohibited books 175 00:11:30,400 --> 00:11:33,400 and used it for his publication program 176 00:11:33,400 --> 00:11:35,700 because he knew these were titles that would sell well. 177 00:11:35,900 --> 00:11:39,400 The pirates had agents in Paris and everywhere else 178 00:11:39,400 --> 00:11:43,600 who were sending them sheets of new books, which they think will sell well. 179 00:11:43,600 --> 00:11:48,200 The pirates are systematically doing I use the word, it's an anachronism 180 00:11:48,200 --> 00:11:50,000 market research. 181 00:11:50,400 --> 00:11:55,800 They do it I've seen it in hundreds and literally thousands of letters. 182 00:11:55,800 --> 00:11:59,300 They are sounding the market. They want to know what demand is. 183 00:11:59,300 --> 00:12:03,200 And so the reaction on the part of the publishers at the center 184 00:12:03,200 --> 00:12:07,700 is, of course, extremely hostile. And, I've read a lot of their letters. 185 00:12:07,700 --> 00:12:11,900 They're full of expressions like buccaneer and private and 186 00:12:12,900 --> 00:12:17,400 "people without shame or morality" etc.. In actual fact, many of these 187 00:12:17,400 --> 00:12:23,300 pirates were good bourgeois in Lausanne or Geneva or Amsterdam 188 00:12:23,300 --> 00:12:25,300 and they thought that they were just 189 00:12:25,300 --> 00:12:28,200 doing business. After all, there was no 190 00:12:28,200 --> 00:12:32,200 international copyright law and they were satisfying demand. 191 00:12:32,200 --> 00:12:35,800 There were printers that were almost holes in the wall or down in the - 192 00:12:35,800 --> 00:12:39,800 if they were printing subversive material 193 00:12:40,800 --> 00:12:43,500 they could sort of hide their presses very quickly. 194 00:12:43,600 --> 00:12:47,300 People used to put them on rafts and float down to another town 195 00:12:47,300 --> 00:12:50,900 if they were in trouble with the authorities. It was very movable. 196 00:12:51,100 --> 00:12:54,700 In effect, you've got two systems at war with one another. 197 00:12:54,700 --> 00:12:58,600 And it's this system of production outside of France 198 00:12:58,600 --> 00:13:01,100 that is crucial for the Enlightenment. 199 00:13:01,200 --> 00:13:05,800 Not only did this new media system spread the Enlightenment, but 200 00:13:05,800 --> 00:13:09,300 I won't use the word prepared the way for the Revolution. 201 00:13:09,300 --> 00:13:16,300 It so indicted the Old Regime that this power - public opinion 202 00:13:16,300 --> 00:13:21,800 became crucial in the collapse of the government in 1787-1788 203 00:13:22,300 --> 00:13:26,800 In Paris, the Bastille had been a prison for pirates. 204 00:13:29,200 --> 00:13:32,600 But in the years before the Revolution the authorities gave up 205 00:13:32,600 --> 00:13:36,700 trying to imprison pirates. The flow of ideas and information 206 00:13:36,700 --> 00:13:39,000 was too strong to be stopped. 207 00:13:49,000 --> 00:13:51,800 And I think that's the dramatic change that was affected by 208 00:13:51,800 --> 00:13:54,100 the printing revolution That all of a sudden 209 00:13:54,100 --> 00:13:59,300 the emergence of a new reading public the emergence of an undisciplined 210 00:13:59,300 --> 00:14:05,500 reading public which were not subject to the same norms of reading or 211 00:14:05,500 --> 00:14:09,400 the same norms of relation to knowledge as it was in the past. 212 00:14:09,400 --> 00:14:10,700 It was a dramatic shift. 213 00:14:10,800 --> 00:14:13,000 The fundamental urge to copy 214 00:14:13,000 --> 00:14:15,000 had nothing to do with technology. 215 00:14:15,000 --> 00:14:17,500 It's about how culture is created. 216 00:14:17,500 --> 00:14:20,600 But technology of course changes what we can copy 217 00:14:20,600 --> 00:14:23,000 how quickly we can copy and how we can share it. 218 00:14:23,100 --> 00:14:24,700 What happens when a copying 219 00:14:24,700 --> 00:14:26,600 mechanism is invented? And you can 220 00:14:26,600 --> 00:14:29,300 take the printing press or you can take bittorrent. 221 00:14:29,300 --> 00:14:31,300 It shapes people's habits. 222 00:14:31,300 --> 00:14:35,100 It gives people completely new ideas how they could work 223 00:14:35,100 --> 00:14:38,500 how they could work together how they could share 224 00:14:38,500 --> 00:14:40,900 what they could relate to what their lives could be. 225 00:14:41,000 --> 00:14:45,000 There's no way that an absolutist political system 226 00:14:45,000 --> 00:14:47,500 can totally suppress the spread of information. 227 00:14:47,500 --> 00:14:51,900 New media adapt themselves to these circumstances. 228 00:14:51,900 --> 00:14:56,900 And often, they can become even more effective because of the repression. 229 00:14:58,900 --> 00:15:01,200 Why should improvements in our capacity to copy 230 00:15:01,200 --> 00:15:03,800 be linked to social change? 231 00:15:07,900 --> 00:15:12,100 Because communicating so fundamental to what we do in the world 232 00:15:12,100 --> 00:15:14,400 is itself an act of copying. 233 00:15:14,600 --> 00:15:20,600 The one technique that brought us to where we are is copying. 234 00:15:20,700 --> 00:15:25,000 Sharing is at the heart of in some senses, existence. 235 00:15:25,000 --> 00:15:29,700 Communication, the need to talk to someone, is an act of sharing. 236 00:15:29,700 --> 00:15:32,800 The need to listen to someone is an act of sharing. 237 00:15:32,900 --> 00:15:35,900 Why do we share our culture? Why do we share language? 238 00:15:35,900 --> 00:15:39,500 Because we imitate each other. This is how we learn to speak. 239 00:15:39,500 --> 00:15:42,200 This is how a baby learns. This is how new things 240 00:15:42,200 --> 00:15:45,200 come into society and spread through society. 241 00:15:45,200 --> 00:15:49,400 Basically what keeps us together is that we copy from each other. 242 00:15:49,600 --> 00:15:52,800 When the spoken word was our only means of communication, 243 00:15:52,800 --> 00:15:56,500 we traveled far and wide to deliver it to others. 244 00:15:56,500 --> 00:15:59,700 Later, as we began to communicate in written form, 245 00:15:59,700 --> 00:16:03,100 Armies of scribes multiplied our ideas. 246 00:16:03,400 --> 00:16:06,500 Our urge to communicate is so strong 247 00:16:06,500 --> 00:16:10,600 that we have always pushed the tools available to us to the limit. 248 00:16:10,600 --> 00:16:14,400 then gone beyond them, creating new technologies 249 00:16:14,400 --> 00:16:18,300 that reproduce our ideas on previously unimaginable scales. 250 00:16:33,500 --> 00:16:36,900 In 1957, the USSR launched Sputnik. 251 00:16:37,000 --> 00:16:41,400 In response, the American government authorized massive blue-sky spending 252 00:16:41,400 --> 00:16:44,700 on science and technology overseen by a new 253 00:16:44,700 --> 00:16:46,700 Advanced Research Projects Agency 254 00:17:08,200 --> 00:17:11,400 It was ARPA developing the ideas of visionary 255 00:17:11,400 --> 00:17:13,300 computer scientist Joseph Licklider. 256 00:17:13,300 --> 00:17:16,400 that came up with the concept of networking computers. 257 00:17:16,600 --> 00:17:20,100 It's been hard to share information. 258 00:17:20,100 --> 00:17:23,000 For years. The printing press 259 00:17:23,300 --> 00:17:28,300 of course was the great step into sharing information. 260 00:17:28,300 --> 00:17:31,000 And we have been needing for a long time some better 261 00:17:31,000 --> 00:17:34,600 way to distribute information than to carry it about. 262 00:17:34,600 --> 00:17:38,700 The print on paper form is embarrassing because 263 00:17:38,700 --> 00:17:41,500 in order to distribute it you've got to move the paper around 264 00:17:41,500 --> 00:17:46,100 And lots of paper gets to be bulky and heavy and expensive to move about. 265 00:17:46,100 --> 00:17:50,300 The ARPAnet was designed to allow scientists to share computer resources 266 00:17:50,300 --> 00:17:54,300 in order to improve innovation. To make this vision work, 267 00:17:54,300 --> 00:17:58,300 ARPAnet had to allow each machine on the network to reproduce 268 00:17:58,300 --> 00:18:01,300 and relay the information sent by any other. 269 00:18:01,300 --> 00:18:05,200 A network in which peers shared resources equally was part of a 270 00:18:05,200 --> 00:18:09,000 massive shift from the corporate and commercial communications systems 271 00:18:09,000 --> 00:18:12,800 of the past - in which messages radiated from a central point 272 00:18:12,800 --> 00:18:16,100 or down through a hierarchy. There was no center 273 00:18:16,100 --> 00:18:19,000 And no machine was more important than another 274 00:18:19,000 --> 00:18:22,600 Anyone could join the network, provide they agreed to abide 275 00:18:22,600 --> 00:18:26,500 by the rules, or protocols on which it operated. 276 00:18:26,500 --> 00:18:29,900 Ever since, really, the 60's onwards 277 00:18:29,900 --> 00:18:31,900 packet switch networks are the 278 00:18:31,900 --> 00:18:35,900 predominant style of communications used today. 279 00:18:36,400 --> 00:18:39,400 Increasingly so in both voice and data. 280 00:18:39,500 --> 00:18:43,500 The western world was transforming itself from the rigid production systems 281 00:18:43,500 --> 00:18:48,200 of Fordism to fluid work, lean production and just-in-time delivery. 282 00:19:13,100 --> 00:19:15,800 A post-centralized, friction-free economy needed a 283 00:19:15,800 --> 00:19:19,000 a communications system just like this. 284 00:19:19,000 --> 00:19:21,300 We didn't build in the 1970's 285 00:19:21,300 --> 00:19:23,300 networks of hierarchs. 286 00:19:23,300 --> 00:19:25,200 The computers that existed in the 287 00:19:25,200 --> 00:19:27,100 world were all multimillion-dollar 288 00:19:27,100 --> 00:19:34,400 machines and they basically related to one another in very equal ways. 289 00:19:34,500 --> 00:19:37,000 One of the really important characteristics of the internet is 290 00:19:37,000 --> 00:19:39,000 that it's extremely decentralized 291 00:19:39,000 --> 00:19:43,800 and that the services on the internet 292 00:19:43,800 --> 00:19:49,400 are invented and operated by other network users 293 00:19:49,400 --> 00:19:51,400 You know the network is built so that 294 00:19:51,400 --> 00:19:53,500 there's nobody in charge that everybody has 295 00:19:53,500 --> 00:19:55,700 control over their own communications. 296 00:19:56,000 --> 00:20:00,200 In relying on the internet, society was bringing into its very center 297 00:20:00,200 --> 00:20:03,900 a machine whose primary function was the reproduction 298 00:20:03,900 --> 00:20:05,900 and distribution of information. 299 00:20:05,900 --> 00:20:08,500 It's an inherent function of the 300 00:20:08,500 --> 00:20:10,900 networks that we use today that 301 00:20:10,900 --> 00:20:13,800 this data is stored, copied, stored, copied 302 00:20:13,800 --> 00:20:18,100 normally transient, normally very fast, you know, in milliseconds 303 00:20:18,100 --> 00:20:20,100 microseconds 304 00:20:20,500 --> 00:20:25,600 specialized pieces of equipment such as switchers, routers, hubs etc. 305 00:20:25,600 --> 00:20:29,600 Do this all in the blink of an eye but it's the way networks WORK. 306 00:20:30,700 --> 00:20:33,900 What ARPA's engineers had produced was the blueprint for a massive 307 00:20:33,900 --> 00:20:35,900 copying machine without master. 308 00:20:35,900 --> 00:20:40,000 which would grow at a fantastic rate into today's internet 309 00:20:42,000 --> 00:20:45,200 So this entire area is bristling 310 00:20:45,400 --> 00:20:48,600 with information transfer of one type or another 311 00:20:48,800 --> 00:20:51,500 For instance the local council, Tower Hamlets and Hackney 312 00:20:51,500 --> 00:20:56,600 we're sort of on the border here have some of the surveillance traffic 313 00:20:56,600 --> 00:21:00,500 and security cameras linked via wireless networks themselves. 314 00:21:00,700 --> 00:21:04,400 The spectrum environment is getting very dirty, or noisy 315 00:21:07,800 --> 00:21:11,700 Every single packet that flies through the multitude of wireless networks and 316 00:21:11,700 --> 00:21:18,100 through the internet is listened for stored in memory and retransmitted, ie 317 00:21:18,100 --> 00:21:23,400 it's copied from one, what's called network segment, to the next 318 00:21:23,400 --> 00:21:28,700 our immediate environment now, our immediate ecosphere is so 319 00:21:28,700 --> 00:21:32,300 broad, so large that you cannot contain information 320 00:21:32,300 --> 00:21:36,300 very easily anymore, you cannot stop or censor information or stop 321 00:21:36,300 --> 00:21:39,200 the transmission once it's out there It's like water through your hands 322 00:21:39,300 --> 00:21:42,000 It's like trying to stop a dam from bursting. 323 00:21:42,000 --> 00:21:48,500 I would say right now, we are likely in range of wireless microwave 324 00:21:48,500 --> 00:21:52,700 radio transmissions that are most likely breaching some sort of 325 00:21:52,800 --> 00:21:56,700 copyright law right at this moment. 326 00:22:00,500 --> 00:22:02,700 To try 327 00:22:04,200 --> 00:22:06,700 on the back of modernism 328 00:22:07,300 --> 00:22:09,700 and all this international law 329 00:22:10,500 --> 00:22:13,300 to make profit out of his own 330 00:22:13,300 --> 00:22:17,400 ungenerosity to humankind. 331 00:22:17,400 --> 00:22:20,800 One of the main battlegrounds 332 00:22:20,800 --> 00:22:23,800 in law, in technology now is 333 00:22:23,800 --> 00:22:28,200 the extent to which it is possible 334 00:22:28,200 --> 00:22:34,300 to exclude people from information, knowledge and cultural goods 335 00:22:34,300 --> 00:22:38,700 the extent to which it's possible to enclose a bit - if you will 336 00:22:38,700 --> 00:22:43,200 of culture, and say it's in a container 337 00:22:43,200 --> 00:22:46,000 you have to pay me in order to access it. 338 00:22:59,800 --> 00:23:03,200 You can make something property if you can build a fence 339 00:23:03,200 --> 00:23:07,400 for it, you can enclose something, if you can build a wall around it. 340 00:23:07,600 --> 00:23:12,100 In the American west, the range land was free, and 341 00:23:12,100 --> 00:23:15,900 all could graze it because it was too expensive to fence it 342 00:23:15,900 --> 00:23:19,100 barbed wire changed that and you could turn it into property. 343 00:23:19,100 --> 00:23:23,100 Culture came in these boxes. 344 00:23:23,300 --> 00:23:25,300 Control came naturally as part 345 00:23:25,300 --> 00:23:26,900 of the process of the existence 346 00:23:26,900 --> 00:23:28,400 of the medium itself. 347 00:23:33,500 --> 00:23:35,800 There's a thing, a book 348 00:23:35,800 --> 00:23:37,800 a record 349 00:23:37,800 --> 00:23:40,800 a film that 350 00:23:41,800 --> 00:23:45,300 you can hold onto and not give somebody else 351 00:23:45,300 --> 00:23:47,300 or you can give it to them. 352 00:23:47,300 --> 00:23:51,500 And the whole payment system was built around: 353 00:23:51,500 --> 00:23:57,000 Do I give you this unit of information? 354 00:23:57,000 --> 00:24:00,000 or don't I give it to you? And that was how the whole model 355 00:24:00,000 --> 00:24:02,900 of copyright was built from the book on up. 356 00:24:39,100 --> 00:24:45,800 What used to be property - music, cinema - now becomes 357 00:24:45,800 --> 00:24:50,400 very, very easy to transmit across barriers. 358 00:24:50,500 --> 00:24:52,500 We have today the ability to make 359 00:24:52,500 --> 00:24:55,200 copies and distribute copies inexpensively. 360 00:24:55,300 --> 00:24:59,600 If one copy leaks out on the internet very rapidly it's available to everyone. 361 00:25:36,600 --> 00:25:43,400 One can always try to create artificial boundaries, technological boundaries 362 00:25:43,400 --> 00:25:48,100 which prevent us from sharing files prevent us from sharing music etc. 363 00:25:48,100 --> 00:25:52,100 But how do you create a wall or a boundary 364 00:25:52,100 --> 00:25:57,000 against the very basic desire of sharing? 365 00:25:57,000 --> 00:26:00,600 I think the war on piracy is failing for social reasons. 366 00:26:00,600 --> 00:26:02,400 People like to communicate. 367 00:26:02,400 --> 00:26:07,300 People like to do, to share things. People like to transform things and 368 00:26:07,300 --> 00:26:11,300 technology makes it so easy that there's no way of stopping it. 369 00:26:13,000 --> 00:26:15,000 The new generation is just copying stuff 370 00:26:15,000 --> 00:26:16,700 out of the internet. It's the way they're 371 00:26:16,700 --> 00:26:19,400 brought up. They started with Napster 372 00:26:19,400 --> 00:26:22,300 music is free to them. They don't consider music being something you 373 00:26:22,300 --> 00:26:25,600 pay for. They pay for clothes. They pay for stuff they can touch. 374 00:26:25,600 --> 00:26:27,700 Intellectual property is - What the fuck is that? 375 00:26:27,700 --> 00:26:30,200 I've never bought a piece of music in my life. 376 00:26:30,400 --> 00:26:32,600 We don't think it's illegal 'cos everyone's doing it. 377 00:26:32,700 --> 00:26:35,100 We can't really be blamed for just 378 00:26:35,100 --> 00:26:37,000 downloading something that's already on the internet. 379 00:26:37,000 --> 00:26:38,900 People think it's legal 380 00:26:38,900 --> 00:26:42,000 'cos it's like copying, like, without the copyright or something. 381 00:26:42,100 --> 00:26:44,000 If it's a crime, why put it on there? 382 00:26:44,100 --> 00:26:48,000 So whether you're using a long-lost peer-to-peer system, like 383 00:26:48,000 --> 00:26:52,300 the original Napster, or you're using Gnutella, or you're using bittorrent 384 00:26:52,900 --> 00:26:57,000 the principle here is that you are actually engaging in internet 385 00:26:57,000 --> 00:26:59,900 communication as it was originally designed, you are 386 00:26:59,900 --> 00:27:02,500 able to serve content as well as consume. 387 00:27:02,600 --> 00:27:04,600 Especially after the Napster lawsuit 388 00:27:04,600 --> 00:27:06,900 we saw an emergence of a lot of more 389 00:27:06,900 --> 00:27:08,900 decentralized file-sharing services. 390 00:27:08,900 --> 00:27:11,600 Computer programs that people could run on their own computers that would 391 00:27:11,600 --> 00:27:15,000 make them part of the network, without having any one place 392 00:27:15,000 --> 00:27:18,400 where there's a master list or a master coordination. 393 00:27:18,400 --> 00:27:23,100 What this means is that in fighting file sharing the entertainment 394 00:27:23,100 --> 00:27:26,900 industry is fighting the fundamental structure of the internet. 395 00:27:27,200 --> 00:27:33,100 Short of redesigning and re-engineering either the internet or the devices we 396 00:27:33,100 --> 00:27:36,000 use to interact with the internet, there's nothing that Hollywood or 397 00:27:36,000 --> 00:27:40,000 Washington or Brussels or Geneva can do anything about. 398 00:27:40,200 --> 00:27:43,200 They shattered Napster into millions of little pieces, spread across computers 399 00:27:43,200 --> 00:27:45,300 all around the globe and now if you want 400 00:27:45,300 --> 00:27:48,300 to shut it down, you have to track down every single one of them and 401 00:27:48,300 --> 00:27:50,500 turn it off. And they just can't do that. 402 00:27:50,500 --> 00:27:52,900 They send out letters every month trying to shut down a couple 403 00:27:52,900 --> 00:27:56,300 here and there but it just doesn't work. There are just too many. 404 00:27:56,300 --> 00:27:58,500 It's out of the bag now. 405 00:27:58,500 --> 00:28:00,900 Once it's that far distributed, it's really going to be hopeless. 406 00:28:01,000 --> 00:28:05,000 You can sue people forever. You can sue a handful of 407 00:28:05,000 --> 00:28:07,500 college students, university students in the United States 408 00:28:07,500 --> 00:28:12,000 You can sue the investors of Napster. - and Napster - You can sue the company 409 00:28:12,000 --> 00:28:16,000 that provided the software for Kazaa. But it doesn't shut anything down. 410 00:28:16,200 --> 00:28:20,100 We recognize and we know that we will never stop piracy. 411 00:28:20,300 --> 00:28:25,000 Kazaa lost a big case in the United States in the Supreme Court. 412 00:28:25,000 --> 00:28:28,000 Kazaa and Grokster and a set of other companies. 413 00:28:28,000 --> 00:28:31,600 So those companies no longer operate. But the network still 414 00:28:31,600 --> 00:28:34,200 works, in other words, the interface is still 415 00:28:34,200 --> 00:28:36,300 installed on millions of computers and people still use them. 416 00:28:36,300 --> 00:28:38,300 never stop piracy 417 00:28:38,500 --> 00:28:41,100 The music industry, if they want to stop file sharing, there's no 418 00:28:41,100 --> 00:28:43,600 central computer for them to go to and shut it down. 419 00:28:43,600 --> 00:28:45,900 They have to go all the way to the ends of every wire. 420 00:28:45,900 --> 00:28:48,200 They have to snip all the cords across the globe. 421 00:28:48,400 --> 00:28:50,000 So when the Pirate Bay got shut down 422 00:28:50,000 --> 00:28:52,500 last year, and during the raid 423 00:28:52,500 --> 00:28:55,000 Amsterdam Information Exchange, AM6 424 00:28:55,000 --> 00:28:58,000 reported that 35% of all the European 425 00:28:58,000 --> 00:29:00,000 internet traffic 426 00:29:00,000 --> 00:29:02,100 just vanished in a couple of hours 427 00:29:02,300 --> 00:29:05,900 The files have been shared. There's no way back. 428 00:29:05,900 --> 00:29:08,400 You can't - it's not about shutting down bittorrent 429 00:29:08,400 --> 00:29:11,900 it would be about confiscating everyone's hard drives. 430 00:29:11,900 --> 00:29:15,000 The files are out there. They have been downloaded. 431 00:29:15,000 --> 00:29:18,200 They're down, there's no up anymore. They're all down. 432 00:29:18,200 --> 00:29:19,400 never never never 433 00:29:19,500 --> 00:29:23,400 There's nobody you can go to and say: Shut down the file sharing. 434 00:29:23,400 --> 00:29:25,500 The internet's just not built that way. 435 00:29:27,700 --> 00:29:29,700 We're surrounded by images. 436 00:29:29,700 --> 00:29:32,200 Every day, everywhere. There's nothing you can do about it. 437 00:29:32,200 --> 00:29:34,700 But the problem with these images is that they're not yours 438 00:29:34,800 --> 00:29:38,000 People's lives are determined by images that they have no rights to 439 00:29:38,000 --> 00:29:43,000 whatsoever, and that's - I'd say it's a very unfortunate situation. 440 00:29:43,200 --> 00:29:45,700 There's this work of mine that people have described as a series 441 00:29:45,700 --> 00:29:48,600 of unattainable women, in fact it's 442 00:29:48,600 --> 00:29:50,800 a series of unattainable images. 443 00:29:50,800 --> 00:29:56,000 The one last mission of cinema is to make sure that images are not seen. 444 00:29:56,000 --> 00:29:59,500 That's why we have DRM - copy protection - rights management 445 00:29:59,500 --> 00:30:03,400 region coding, all that stuff but if an image is seen 446 00:30:03,400 --> 00:30:06,600 then it tells you one thing: it's not your image 447 00:30:06,600 --> 00:30:09,600 it's their image. 448 00:30:11,600 --> 00:30:14,600 It's none of your business. Don't copy it. Don't modify it. 449 00:30:14,600 --> 00:30:17,600 Just forget about it. You can't just say - hey it's just a movie 450 00:30:17,600 --> 00:30:22,300 It is reality. It's a very specific reality of properties. 451 00:30:22,400 --> 00:30:29,200 Radio. Television. Newspapers. Film. At the heart of all of them there is 452 00:30:29,200 --> 00:30:33,200 a very clear distinction between the producer and the consumer. 453 00:30:33,200 --> 00:30:36,200 And the idea is a very, very static one. 454 00:30:36,200 --> 00:30:40,700 That here is a technology that allows me to communicate to you. 455 00:30:40,700 --> 00:30:43,300 But it's not really a conversation that one has in mind. 456 00:30:43,500 --> 00:30:47,900 It use to be, if you had a radio station or television station 457 00:30:47,900 --> 00:30:49,900 or a printing press. 458 00:30:49,900 --> 00:30:52,400 You could broadcast your views to a very large 459 00:30:52,400 --> 00:30:55,400 number of people at quite a bit of expense 460 00:30:55,400 --> 00:30:59,500 and a fairly small percentage of the population was able to do that. 461 00:30:59,600 --> 00:31:03,400 The materials were produced by some set of professional commercial 462 00:31:03,400 --> 00:31:10,400 producers, who then controlled the experience and located individuals 463 00:31:10,400 --> 00:31:15,100 at the passive receiving end of the cultural conversation. 464 00:31:15,300 --> 00:31:16,700 I'm John Wayne. 465 00:31:16,800 --> 00:31:20,000 We believe in many things but I'm John Wayne. 466 00:31:20,100 --> 00:31:24,700 If you wanted to change the way the television broadcast network 467 00:31:24,700 --> 00:31:26,700 works - good luck 468 00:31:26,700 --> 00:31:30,700 you're going to have to get the majority of the shareholders to 469 00:31:30,700 --> 00:31:34,700 agree with you - or you're going to have to replace some very 470 00:31:34,700 --> 00:31:36,200 expensive equipment. 471 00:31:36,300 --> 00:31:41,700 In the world of that universe where you needed to get distribution 472 00:31:41,700 --> 00:31:44,200 there were gatekeepers that stood in your way. 473 00:31:44,300 --> 00:31:48,200 I know that there's gatekeepers out there at every level by the way 474 00:31:48,200 --> 00:31:52,000 certainly production, funding, exhibition. 475 00:31:52,100 --> 00:31:53,900 They can get fucked as far as I'm concerned. 476 00:31:53,900 --> 00:31:58,100 You would need to satisfy the lawyer for the network or the lawyer 477 00:31:58,100 --> 00:32:03,000 for the television station or radio station that what you've done is 478 00:32:03,000 --> 00:32:07,600 legal and cleared and permissions have been obtained - and 479 00:32:07,600 --> 00:32:10,400 probably insurance has been obtained before 480 00:32:10,400 --> 00:32:14,000 you could get into the channels of mass media communication. 481 00:32:14,100 --> 00:32:19,500 The number of people who could actively speak was relatively small 482 00:32:19,500 --> 00:32:23,500 and they were organized around one of the only two models 483 00:32:23,500 --> 00:32:27,100 we had in the industrial period to collect enough physical capital 484 00:32:27,100 --> 00:32:30,700 necessary to communicate either the state or the market 485 00:32:30,700 --> 00:32:32,300 usually based on advertising. 486 00:32:32,300 --> 00:32:35,300 This is the question that faces us today. 487 00:32:35,300 --> 00:32:39,900 If the battle against sharing is already lost - and media is no longer 488 00:32:39,900 --> 00:32:42,900 a commodity - how will society change? 489 00:32:43,400 --> 00:32:48,100 Those whose permission was required are resisting this transition 490 00:32:48,100 --> 00:32:51,000 because control is a good thing to get if you can get it. 491 00:32:51,000 --> 00:32:53,000 The control 492 00:32:53,000 --> 00:32:57,500 that used to reside in the very making of the artifact is up for grabs. 493 00:32:57,600 --> 00:33:01,700 Should we expect changes as massive as those of the printing press? 494 00:33:01,800 --> 00:33:07,600 There's plenty of people who are watching, you know, the worst kind 495 00:33:07,600 --> 00:33:13,600 of Soap Opera right now they're a planet and I can't save them. 496 00:33:13,600 --> 00:33:16,100 As hard as I've tried, I can't save them. 497 00:33:16,100 --> 00:33:20,300 But do we need saving? Will there still be a mass-produced 498 00:33:20,300 --> 00:33:23,900 and mass-oriented media from which to save us? 499 00:33:27,900 --> 00:33:30,900 Music didn't begin with the phonograph 500 00:33:30,900 --> 00:33:33,500 and it won't end with the peer-to-peer network. 501 00:33:43,000 --> 00:33:45,000 alright, listen 502 00:33:46,000 --> 00:33:49,000 man, I couldn't give a shit if you're older this young'n's bin colder 503 00:33:49,000 --> 00:33:51,900 give it ten years then I'm going to be known as a better than older I swear 504 00:33:51,900 --> 00:33:54,700 now people stayin colder so don' try n tell me your older 505 00:33:54,700 --> 00:33:57,700 you could be roller or be more music mix tapes promos and everythings 506 00:33:57,700 --> 00:33:59,500 out there, so don't try tell me I don't 507 00:33:59,600 --> 00:34:03,600 The panic of the movie industry and the music industry is that 508 00:34:03,600 --> 00:34:05,900 people could actually start to produce 509 00:34:05,900 --> 00:34:08,500 and that file sharing networks - file sharing technology 510 00:34:08,500 --> 00:34:11,200 enables them to produce stuff. 511 00:34:11,300 --> 00:34:13,400 To do this I'm colder better than most out older 512 00:34:13,400 --> 00:34:15,200 I take out any that are younger 513 00:34:15,200 --> 00:34:18,200 diss me, are you dumb you're an idiot you will never get this chip of your shoulder 514 00:34:18,200 --> 00:34:22,300 this kid's colder than you were when you were this age [...] 515 00:34:22,300 --> 00:34:25,100 please don't play - why you can't see that playtime's over. 516 00:34:25,100 --> 00:34:28,700 playtime's over - since year six i been a playground soldier 517 00:34:28,700 --> 00:34:31,900 dem days were lyrical dat lyrical G but now everything is colder 518 00:34:31,900 --> 00:34:34,500 now there's content flows and everything - mix tape promos 519 00:34:34,500 --> 00:34:37,600 everything - who'd you name your favorite MC, I'll write the sixteen 520 00:34:37,600 --> 00:34:38,800 make him look like... 521 00:34:38,900 --> 00:34:42,800 People have lamented much the death of the author 522 00:34:42,800 --> 00:34:45,100 what we're witnessing now is far beyond - 523 00:34:45,100 --> 00:34:49,100 It's the becoming producer of former consumers. 524 00:34:49,100 --> 00:34:53,300 and that suggests a new economic model for society. 525 00:34:53,400 --> 00:34:56,900 why? cos I'm going on show I move fast - goin on show 526 00:34:56,900 --> 00:35:00,900 like your team be out for the ratings by my team be out for the do(ugh) 527 00:35:00,900 --> 00:35:03,400 in the air tha show - eh what we're goin on show 528 00:35:03,400 --> 00:35:06,800 so your put man pay me - I'm doin no less I got the vibes, that run down the show 529 00:35:06,900 --> 00:35:09,700 It's not so much the fact that the Phantom Menace is 530 00:35:09,700 --> 00:35:13,400 downloaded 500 times, or 600 times etc. 531 00:35:13,400 --> 00:35:18,400 Yeah of course, there is an imaginary specter of economic loss that informs that 532 00:35:18,900 --> 00:35:21,400 but the real battle or the real threat 533 00:35:21,400 --> 00:35:24,800 lays in a shift in the ways that we think of the 534 00:35:25,000 --> 00:35:29,800 possibilities of ourselves as creators and not merely as consumers. 535 00:35:36,200 --> 00:35:38,100 It's like a whole network 536 00:35:38,300 --> 00:35:44,100 This is something that I've given out and I've let people download it and 537 00:35:44,100 --> 00:35:47,200 they can download it, do what they want I've made a blog about it 538 00:35:47,200 --> 00:35:50,900 saying oh look, DJs you can play this where you want 539 00:35:51,000 --> 00:35:53,900 There's this guy in Brooklyn and he's just 540 00:35:53,900 --> 00:36:00,700 done a remix of it, just like - It's totally different to what I thought but 541 00:36:01,400 --> 00:36:06,000 He's just - this guy from Brooklyn and I really respect that he came 542 00:36:06,000 --> 00:36:09,300 back to me and said look and it's going on his mix album. 543 00:36:09,400 --> 00:36:13,200 One of the things that intrigues me tremendously about the proliferation 544 00:36:13,200 --> 00:36:15,200 of material that's out there in the world for 545 00:36:15,200 --> 00:36:20,100 people to grab, is the potential creation of millions of new authors. 546 00:36:20,200 --> 00:36:23,200 Thanks to the internet, thanks to digital technologies 547 00:36:23,200 --> 00:36:25,400 the gatekeepers have really been removed. 548 00:36:25,500 --> 00:36:28,400 People can take more of their cultural environment 549 00:36:28,400 --> 00:36:32,200 make it their own use it as found materials to put together 550 00:36:32,200 --> 00:36:34,300 their own expressions do their own research, 551 00:36:34,300 --> 00:36:37,600 create their own communications, create their own communities when 552 00:36:37,600 --> 00:36:42,200 they need collaboration with others rather than relying on a limited 553 00:36:42,200 --> 00:36:48,100 set of existing institutions or on a set of materials that they're not 554 00:36:48,100 --> 00:36:51,800 allowed to use without going and asking 555 00:36:51,800 --> 00:36:55,100 Please may I use this? Please may I create? 556 00:36:55,100 --> 00:36:57,100 Basically, in terms of samples not many 557 00:36:57,100 --> 00:36:59,500 people go out of their way to clear samples 558 00:36:59,600 --> 00:37:01,800 Right about now I've got the things on the 559 00:37:01,800 --> 00:37:04,100 fruity slicer like this on different keys 560 00:37:04,100 --> 00:37:07,400 it's just different parts of the sample actually just some Turkish shit i don't 561 00:37:07,400 --> 00:37:11,400 even know who it's by - like it's just some random sample 562 00:37:23,800 --> 00:37:27,400 I make mainly instrumentals so really I've made a tool for that 563 00:37:27,400 --> 00:37:29,800 to sort of MC to anyway 564 00:37:29,900 --> 00:37:32,500 It's good that people are ruthless 565 00:37:32,500 --> 00:37:34,500 enough to use another person's tune 566 00:37:34,500 --> 00:37:39,400 and record themselves spittin bars over it. 567 00:37:39,500 --> 00:37:42,700 Look I'm takin over now but then the game says too free to october now 568 00:37:42,700 --> 00:37:45,200 I'm fuckin it up - listen it's over now i'm settin the pace. 569 00:37:45,200 --> 00:37:48,000 how they gonna slow me down? look - it's over clown 570 00:37:48,000 --> 00:37:51,200 I got the skippigest flows in town plus - you niggas can't fuck wit my 571 00:37:51,200 --> 00:37:53,500 word play - I switch it back - DJ bring it back 572 00:37:53,600 --> 00:37:57,500 Sometimes you get the big artists freestylin your stuff 573 00:37:57,500 --> 00:37:59,500 sort of put it out there on their CDs and you don't even know about it 574 00:37:59,600 --> 00:38:01,500 We live in this world in which 575 00:38:01,500 --> 00:38:03,500 absolute abundance of information 576 00:38:03,500 --> 00:38:07,500 is an everyday fact for a lot of us and this means we have a certain 577 00:38:07,500 --> 00:38:11,100 attitude towards the idea of information as property. 578 00:38:11,100 --> 00:38:16,100 It's like you've heard, sharing is in our blood, so the struggle to hold 579 00:38:16,100 --> 00:38:20,300 on to knowledge and creativity as a commodity by force it's 580 00:38:20,300 --> 00:38:24,700 going to be met by our strong urge to share, copy and cooperate. 581 00:38:24,800 --> 00:38:26,800 Kids, if they sample my music 582 00:38:26,800 --> 00:38:28,800 to make their music, that would be 583 00:38:28,800 --> 00:38:31,200 another good thing as well I would like that as well 584 00:38:31,200 --> 00:38:34,200 I want them to do that. If I made an old tune, 585 00:38:34,200 --> 00:38:38,700 take a bit from it, drop something over it and make it music 586 00:38:38,700 --> 00:38:40,600 make it big - if you can do that - do that. 587 00:38:40,700 --> 00:38:44,900 When you put primary materials in the hands of ordinary citizens 588 00:38:44,900 --> 00:38:46,800 really, really interesting things can happen. 589 00:38:46,900 --> 00:38:50,400 I ain't no musician - I just know how to make things sound good 590 00:38:50,500 --> 00:38:56,400 I want to make people realize their own value - I want them to realize 591 00:38:56,400 --> 00:39:00,400 that they are the masters of their own content, that they are 592 00:39:00,400 --> 00:39:03,400 they create something, they can share it if someone else created something 593 00:39:03,400 --> 00:39:07,400 they can contribute, they can help they can get it and use it 594 00:39:07,400 --> 00:39:08,800 the way it's supposed to be. 595 00:39:08,800 --> 00:39:14,300 So it's a terrorism of the mind that actually sustains concepts 596 00:39:14,300 --> 00:39:18,300 like intellectual property it's a terrorism that's 597 00:39:18,300 --> 00:39:20,800 grounded on an idea of 598 00:39:20,800 --> 00:39:26,000 brutal repression of that which is actually possible. 599 00:39:26,100 --> 00:39:29,200 If everything is user-generated it also means that you have to 600 00:39:29,200 --> 00:39:31,200 create something in order to be part of the society. 601 00:39:31,300 --> 00:39:35,200 I think one of the things that we are seeing coming out is culture where 602 00:39:35,200 --> 00:39:38,200 things are produced because people care about it 603 00:39:38,200 --> 00:39:41,200 and not necessarily because they hope other people will buy it. 604 00:39:41,200 --> 00:39:46,700 So what we will see is things made by the people for themselves. 605 00:39:46,800 --> 00:39:51,800 I don't think I know a person who just listens to it and doesn't try 606 00:39:51,800 --> 00:39:54,300 and get involved in some way by producing or something 607 00:39:54,400 --> 00:39:59,700 You know all these things that are taking the copyright industry 608 00:39:59,700 --> 00:40:02,600 totally by surprise - and they're scrambling with and not able to 609 00:40:02,600 --> 00:40:06,800 deal with - for the next generation it's just part of the media landscape 610 00:40:06,800 --> 00:40:10,800 They're natives, they're natives in that media landscape absolutely. 611 00:40:10,800 --> 00:40:12,600 And they're not alone. 612 00:40:12,600 --> 00:40:14,800 I think of myself as a pirate. 613 00:40:14,900 --> 00:40:17,000 We are pirates. 614 00:40:17,100 --> 00:40:19,000 I'm a pirate 615 00:40:19,000 --> 00:40:22,700 I'm proud cos I get my music free so it's alright - I'm proud 616 00:40:22,800 --> 00:40:25,700 I think we need to have a broad conversation - it's probably gonna 617 00:40:25,700 --> 00:40:28,900 be an international conversation where people who make things 618 00:40:28,900 --> 00:40:32,900 and people who use things - I'm talking about cultural works - 619 00:40:32,900 --> 00:40:39,400 sit together and think about what kinds of rules best serve these 620 00:40:39,400 --> 00:40:44,100 interests, I don't know that we're going to agree, but I think we need 621 00:40:44,100 --> 00:40:48,400 to ask a little bit more about utopia we need to really figure out what 622 00:40:48,400 --> 00:40:52,400 kind of a world we'd like to live in and then try to craft regulations to 623 00:40:52,400 --> 00:40:55,200 match that - being reactive doesn't cut it. 624 00:40:55,300 --> 00:41:00,700 The future isn't clear for sure but that's why we're here, we're trying 625 00:41:00,700 --> 00:41:06,000 to form the future, we're trying to make it the way we want it - but 626 00:41:06,000 --> 00:41:10,000 obviously most people want it to be and that's why we're doing this. 627 00:41:10,100 --> 00:41:13,000 Let's build a world that we're actually gonna be proud of, not 628 00:41:13,000 --> 00:41:17,300 just a profitable world - for a few very large media companies 629 00:41:17,400 --> 00:41:21,300 Making money is not the point with culture, or media - making 630 00:41:21,300 --> 00:41:24,100 something is the point with media, and I don't think that 631 00:41:24,100 --> 00:41:27,300 people will stop making music, stop making movies 632 00:41:27,300 --> 00:41:30,100 stop making - taking cool photographs - whatever 633 00:41:30,200 --> 00:41:32,600 Although it's difficult to believe it now, we can do without the 634 00:41:32,600 --> 00:41:35,900 entertainment industries, we'll find new ways to get the stuff we want 635 00:41:35,900 --> 00:41:39,800 made - we want a world in which we can share, work together and find 636 00:41:39,800 --> 00:41:42,900 new ways to support each other while we're doing it. This is the 637 00:41:42,900 --> 00:41:44,800 world we're tyring to bring into being. 638 00:41:44,800 --> 00:41:50,500 A force like this, a power like this. Zillions of people connected 639 00:41:50,500 --> 00:41:56,500 sharing data, sharing their work, sharing the work of others 640 00:41:56,500 --> 00:42:02,500 this situation is unprecedented in human history, and it is a force 641 00:42:02,500 --> 00:42:05,000 that will not be stopped. 642 00:42:05,500 --> 00:42:09,000 People always ask us who are the League of Noble Peers? 643 00:42:09,000 --> 00:42:14,000 And we tell them, you are. I am. Even your bank manager is. 644 00:42:14,000 --> 00:42:18,300 That's why I'm a vague blur. It's kind of like: Insert yourself here. 645 00:42:18,300 --> 00:42:22,900 Because we all produce information now, we all reproduce information. 646 00:42:22,900 --> 00:42:27,200 We all distribute it. We can't stop ourselves. It's like breathing. 647 00:42:27,200 --> 00:42:30,700 We'll do it as long as we're alive. And when we stop doing it, 648 00:42:30,700 --> 00:42:34,700 we'll be dead.